Trustee Emeritus at the Brazilian Center for International Relations (CEBRI). He was Minister of Finance (1995-2002), President of the Central Bank (1993-1994) and Chief Negotiator of the external debt (1991-1993). He was also Brazil's representative on the Executive Board of the World Bank and the Interamerican Development Bank in Washington, DC and he served as Director of United Nations agencies in New York. Since 2003, he has been a member of several boards of companies in Brazil and abroad. He is a Professor at the Department of Economics of PUC-Rio. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of California, Berkeley. Author of a Certain Idea of Brazil: Between Past and Future (Intrínseca, 2018).